{"id":7160,"date":"2021-07-06T17:04:04","date_gmt":"2021-07-06T15:04:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/?p=7160"},"modified":"2022-04-08T08:29:29","modified_gmt":"2022-04-08T06:29:29","slug":"garlic-rot-research-advances","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/en\/garlic-rot-research-advances\/","title":{"rendered":"Garlic rot: research advances"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>As mentioned in the December\u00a02020 news update, research on garlic rot has been very active in France in recent years. The garlic industry, led by Prosemail and INRAE, is driving this new initiative. A major point of this initiative is the thesis written by P.\u00a0Chr\u00e9tien between March\u00a02018 and February 2021 under the scientific supervision of C.\u00a0Leyronas and C.\u00a0Morris (Plant Pathology unit, INRAE Avignon), with funding from a CIFRE grant and from Prosemail, Alin\u00e9a and the Lautrec Pink Garlic Association. The thesis, from which the abstract can be freely downloaded at <a href=\"https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-03211009\">https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-03211009<\/a>, produced several significant results.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Incidence of garlic rot on bulbs assessed<\/h2>\n<p>A survey was carried out over 3\u00a0years (2017-18-19), in the Dr\u00f4me district and in the South-West region, on 53\u00a0batches of white garlic, 48\u00a0batches of pink garlic and 31\u00a0batches of purple garlic. A total of 5,493\u00a0cloves were peeled and examined in these 132\u00a0batches*. 55% of them showed typical symptoms of garlic rot. The number of cloves per head with symptoms was found to be significantly higher in the purple and white varieties than in the pink varieties. This is surprising as it\u2019s the opposite of what growers observe (more post-harvest losses on pink garlic). The fact that, in the thesis, even garlic rot spots of a few millimetres were counted may explain this result, since not all small spots develop into symptoms leading to the heads being downgraded.<\/p>\n<h2>Pathogens formally identified<\/h2>\n<p>Of more than one thousand Fusarium strains identified by molecular biology, 94% belonged to the species F.\u00a0proliferatum and 6% to the species F.\u00a0oxysporum. Both species were found on white, pink and purple garlic varieties and in both production regions. After inoculation onto cloves under controlled conditions, a subset of 122\u00a0strains of F.\u00a0proliferatum and 6\u00a0strains of F.\u00a0oxysporum confirmed their ability to reproduce symptoms.<\/p>\n<p>The literature indicates that F.\u00a0proliferatum is a polyphagous fungus, i.e. it can attack several plant species. In an ongoing project (OCARINA, funded by INRAE), the Plant Pathology unit is investigating whether F.\u00a0proliferatum of garlic can be harboured by species grown in rotation with garlic (wheat, maize, sunflower) and thus whether these species can serve to transfer the inoculum of the fungus between two garlic crops. In addition, the OCARINA project will be used to assess whether F.\u00a0proliferatum is spread through the air or whether the fungus is spread mainly in the soil.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Infection of clove tissues partly explained<\/h2>\n<p>Following inoculations of cloves in the lab and microscopic observations, it appeared that colonisation of garlic roots by F.\u00a0proliferatum is facilitated by roots emerging, creating natural wounds and cell debris. The fungal mycelium does not enter healthy cells and seems to have to damage them before growing into them. These results, available in the following article <a href=\"https:\/\/oajournals.fupress.net\/index.php\/pm\/article\/view\/11103\/11618\">https:\/\/oajournals.fupress.net\/index.php\/pm\/article\/view\/11103\/11618<\/a>, show it is possible for garlic cloves to become infected when the roots emerge. However, airborne infection of garlic cannot be ruled out and should be explored (in progress in the OCARINA project).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Detection and identification of future infection reservoirs<\/h2>\n<p>Research will carry on, particularly to continue the development of the detection method begun in the thesis and the identification of inoculum reservoirs begun in the OCARINA project. Some of the activities will be carried out as part of the BEYOND project (2021\u20132026, ANR funding) and potentially in the GARLIC project if it receives funding from CASDAR. This project has already been submitted under the \u201cSeeds and Varietal Selection\u201d call for projects and, if it is funded, will be carried out in close collaboration between INRAE, Prosemail and the Avignon University.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7161\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7161\" src=\"https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/garlic-rot-research-advances-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Caption: Cultures of fungal strains isolated from symptomatic garlic tissues. In 3 years, 2,700 strains have been isolated, making it possible to formally identify F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum as being responsible for garlic symptoms in France (photo credit: INRAE).\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"wp-image-7161 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/garlic-rot-research-advances-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/garlic-rot-research-advances-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/garlic-rot-research-advances-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/garlic-rot-research-advances-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/garlic-rot-research-advances-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7161\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caption: Cultures of fungal strains isolated from symptomatic garlic tissues. In 3 years, 2,700 strains have been isolated, making it possible to formally identify F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum as being responsible for garlic symptoms in France (\u00a9 INRAE).<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Christel LEYRONAS, INRAE, Pathologie V\u00e9g\u00e9tale, 84140 Montfavet<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As mentioned in the December\u00a02020 news update, research on garlic rot has been very active in France in recent years. The garlic industry, led by Prosemail and INRAE, is driving [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7158,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[164],"class_list":["post-7160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Garlic rot: research advances - Le plant certifi\u00e9 d&#039;ail et d&#039;\u00e9chalote<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ail-echalote-certifie.org\/en\/garlic-rot-research-advances\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Garlic rot: research advances - Le plant certifi\u00e9 d&#039;ail et d&#039;\u00e9chalote\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As mentioned in the December\u00a02020 news update, research on garlic rot has been very active in France in recent years. 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